The former player: 'I really wanted to carry on playing'
Warning: This piece includes details of racially offensive comments and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell states that speaking out to reveal racism in professional rugby brought his career to an premature conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell characterized racism as being "rife" in the game, showing digital communications and recalling training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to retire because of what went on," he explained to media outlets.
"I really hoped to continue competing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when news came out that there were inquiries underway.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the fate and accept that this entire process is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were accurate "likely correct", but stated it could not collect sufficient evidence to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their team for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to journalists he also faced discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his first game in February 2014.
"I've had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Some discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"It's something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the issue that I've personally suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a extended period you just learn to think that it's the standard and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was eventually motivated to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The governing body said Burrell's revelations had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the professional level and to the introduction of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has placed significant attention on diversity and inclusion in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and since Luther Burrell came forward and shared his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"The organization are continuing work with teams and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a culture of acceptance but recognize this requires patience and is an ongoing process."
All Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face training on building welcoming cultures, with its success monitored via specific documentation and surveys.
All England players, including age-grade squads, are trained in being "active bystanders" to intervene and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this effect on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff died shortly after the filming of the documentary, and his sister passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, maintains his work to make the game more accessible.
His 12 Foundation works to connect with children in disadvantaged communities and support them succeed on and off the pitch with free sports coaching, guidance and dietary education.
"My motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the game and if others is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he said.
"We have an responsibility to make the game as great as it can be and the more I speak about it perhaps the more comfortable others will feel about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I need to take the challenge by the horns and continue carrying this flag and keep carrying this weight and accomplish what I can to create possibilities and make the sport more attractive and more welcoming.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely think that rugby has the potential to transform their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in November 2022